Since it was put into place back in 2013, most of us have managed to grasp the specifics of the Medicare two-midnight rule. Whether there was an anticipation of two midnights of medically necessary care in the hospital at the time of admission, or expectation of a second, medically necessary midnight the day following admission after a first midnight had passed, we got it. It’s become pretty engrained in our psyche.
As such, it should not be surprising that for many health systems, the two-midnight rule became the veritable law of the land. Despite knowing that managed Medicare plans, Medicaid, managed Medicaid plans, and private plans have no obligation to follow the rule, case managers are often instructed to use it when assessing patients for appropriate status. Undoubtedly, this is due to the significant potential risk of not following the rule with patients covered by Medicare. But there is also another reason.
If your case management department has no connection to or communication with your contracting office, the department and your staff are effectively flying blind. Health system contracts with private payers and managed plans have scores of details within them, not the least of which are the rules of the patient status game. Could your system have a contract right now that spells out that inpatient status is appropriate for patients who require care in the hospital for 24 hours from the time the patient is placed in a unit bed? You sure could. How about a contract indicating that patients are ineligible for inpatient status until they have required care in the hospital for 48 hours from the time the initial status order is written? Yep – you could have that, too.
Without knowing the rules, how can you play the game? It is absolutely imperative that you connect with your contracting folks and learn what you have to work with. They might be skittish at first, because the great majority of contract details are top-secret. You will have to make your case and lay the situation out for them so they understand the impact. Explain how the two-midnight rule works. Then, explain that by blindly applying the Medicare rule to all payers, you expose the health system to two distinct risks:
1) Denials and all of the re-work associated with appeals for patients placed into inpatient status incorrectly
2) Inappropriately low reimbursement for inaccurate billing due to patients kept in outpatient status with observation charges when they should have been discharged in inpatient status
Round out your discussion with an estimate of the financial impact of the two points above, and you’ll have your next appointment to discuss contract details within the following week.
I found it helpful to create a spreadsheet with all of our contracted payers listed in the left-hand column – private plans, managed Medicare plans, and managed Medicaid plans. Then, across the top row are categories such as “criteria” and “criteria start.” We learned that some criteria solely involve MCG guidelines. Others involve a specific time frame, such as 24 hours or two midnights. Include the “start” piece to know when consideration of the criteria begins. Does it start when care begins in the emergency department? How about when the first status order is written? What about when the patient actually transfers to the medical/surgical unit? This all needs to be clear so your case management staff can follow the grid accurately.
Obtaining this information from the contracts (or, if not there, within the generalized rules of the plans themselves) will likely take your contracting office a number of weeks, if not a couple of months. Fill in your spreadsheet as the information is made available, and eventually you will have a functional tool for your case managers. Once you have this situated, consider broadening the scope of the spreadsheet to include whether the managed plans follow their respective Medicare or Medicaid inpatient-only lists (or if the plan allows your physician advisor to participate in peer-to-peer calls in place of the attending physician). Once you start thinking about it, there is a wealth of information important to case management within the contracts.
Go out and get it!
